Richard A Martinello, MD
Biography
Richard Martinello, MD, is a Yale Medicine infectious disease expert who is passionate about the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and respiratory viruses, especially influenza. He is also the medical director of the Infection Prevention department at Yale New Haven Health.
“The world of bacteria, virus, and fungi is fascinating,” says Dr. Martinello. “Each microbe is its own character with its own personality and behavior. Improving our understanding of these microbes helps us to better prevent infections and identify and treat infections when they occur.”
This is of particular importance for infections that can be acquired in the hospital and other healthcare settings, he says.
“Our patients come to our offices, labs, and our hospitals for the care they need to improve their health and well-being,” Dr. Martinello says. “Unfortunately, healthcare settings are intrinsically risky for acquiring infections—patients who may be sick come together to receive care and many of the lifesaving aspects of care received, such as surgery and even antibiotics, can place patients at risk for acquiring infections. I truly enjoy partnering with my team and colleagues to work together to create safer ways to care for our patients.”
Dr. Martinello is an associate professor of medicine and pediatrics (infectious disease) at Yale School of Medicine. He researches the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and the epidemiology of respiratory viruses.
Titles
- Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Pediatrics
- Medical Director, Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Health
- Medical Director, Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale New Haven Health, Quality & Safety, Yale New Haven Health
Education & Training
- FellowYale-New Haven Hospital (2003)
- FellowYale School of Medicine (2003)
- FellowYale School of Medicine (2002)
- Chief ResidentIndiana University School of Medicine (1999)
- Internship and ResidencyIndiana University School of Medicine (1999)
- MDLoyola University (1995)
- BSLoyola University (1991)
Additional Information
- Roberts S, Willebrand K, Fredrick J, Pischel L, Patel K, Murray T, Martinello R. Characterizing healthcare personnel attitudes toward receipt of a voluntary bivalent COVID-19 booster vaccine during a COVID-19 outbreak at a behavioral health hospital in Connecticut. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2024, 4: e87. PMID: 38774120, PMCID: PMC11106727, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2024.78.
- Drews F, Martinello R, Hebden J, St John K, Pegues D. Disinfection of central venous access device needleless connectors: A human factors analysis. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2024, 1-6. PMID: 38389492, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2024.22.
- Gentile P, Roberts S, Wilson E, Martinello R. 1474. Getting to Zero: Our Journey to Decrease CABG Deep Sternal Wound Infections. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2023, 10: ofad500.1310. PMCID: PMC10676914, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad500.1310.
- Roberts S, Barbell E, Barber D, Dahlberg S, Heimer R, Jubanyik K, Parwani V, Pettigrew M, Tanner J, Ulrich A, Wade M, Wyllie A, Yolda-Carr D, Martinello R, Tanner W. Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and viable virus contamination of hospital emergency department surfaces and association with patient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status and aerosol-generating procedures. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2023, 45: 244-246. PMID: 37767709, PMCID: PMC10877528, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.183.
- Willebrand K, Fredrick J, Pischel L, Patel K, Roberts S, Murray T, Martinello R. Characterizing healthcare worker attitudes toward the bivalent COVID-19 booster. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2023, 3: s56-s57. PMCID: PMC10594485, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.300.
- Roberts S, Faruq R, Wilkinson A, Pashankar D, Russi M, Khokhar B, Martinello R. Analysis of Failure Rates for COVID-19 Entrance Screening at a US Academic Medical Center. JAMA Internal Medicine 2023, 183: 84-86. PMID: 36441528, PMCID: PMC9706395, DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5426.
- Havill N, Martinello R, Kenney P, Bragg C, Epright J, Cintron M, Solla I, Israel S. 1919. Implementation of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor (HPV) Decontamination of N95 Respirators for Reuse During COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2022, 9: ofac492.1546. PMCID: PMC9752717, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1546.
- Stevens M, Wright S, Kaye K, Zuckerman J, Passaretti C, Martinello R, Babcock H, Edmond M, Snyder G. At the vanguard: Leaders’ perspectives on establishing healthcare system infection prevention programs. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: e197. PMID: 36712469, PMCID: PMC9879856, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.334.
- Gao CA, Datta R, Dunne D, Dembry LM, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M, Advani SD. Comparison of traditional instruction versus nontraditional learning to improve trainee knowledge of urine culture practices in catheterized patients. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: e81. PMID: 35647610, PMCID: PMC9139028, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.225.
- Martinello R, Hebden J, Drews F, Pegues D. Human factors analysis of the disinfection of central-line needleless connectors. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: s32-s33. PMCID: PMC9614877, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.117.
- Roberts SC, Hendrix CA, Edwards LM, Feinn RS, Martinello RA, Murray TS. A mixed-methods evaluation on the efficacy and perceptions of needleless connector disinfectants. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2022, 44: 230-233. PMID: 35387702, PMCID: PMC9929708, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.72.
- Poster D, Postek M, Obeng Y, Kasianowicz J, Cowan T, Horn N, Miller C, Martinello R. Models for an Ultraviolet-C Research and Development Consortium. Journal Of Research Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology 2022, 126: 126055. PMID: 38469448, PMCID: PMC10112004, DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.055.
- Burnham JP, Betz F, Lautz R, Mousavi E, Martinello RA, McGain F, Sherman JD. Air exchanges, climate change, and severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Results from a survey of the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network (SRN). Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: e40. PMID: 36310807, PMCID: PMC9614896, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.256.
- Khera R, Mortazavi BJ, Sangha V, Warner F, Patrick Young H, Ross JS, Shah ND, Theel ES, Jenkinson WG, Knepper C, Wang K, Peaper D, Martinello RA, Brandt CA, Lin Z, Ko AI, Krumholz HM, Pollock BD, Schulz WL. A multicenter evaluation of computable phenotyping approaches for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalizations. Npj Digital Medicine 2022, 5: 27. PMID: 35260762, PMCID: PMC8904579, DOI: 10.1038/s41746-022-00570-4.
- Roberts SC, Palacios C, Grubaugh ND, Alpert T, Ott IM, Breban MI, Initiative Y, Martinello RA, Smith C, Davis MW, Mcmanus D, Tirmizi S, Topal JE, Azar MM, Malinis M. An outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 on a transplant unit in the early vaccination era. Transplant Infectious Disease 2022, 24: e13782. PMID: 34969164, DOI: 10.1111/tid.13782.
- Angel D, Gao D, DeLay K, Lin E, Eldred J, Arnold W, Santiago R, Redlich C, Martinello R, Sherman J, Peccia J, Pollitt K. Development and Application of a Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Passive Air Sampler to Assess Personal Exposure to SARS-CoV‑2. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2022, 9: 153-159. PMID: 37566382, PMCID: PMC8768000, DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00877.
- Green K, Claighen C, Zhou S, Martinello R, Leslie R, Jarvis W, Arbogast J. Differentiation of alcohol-based hand rubs: Assessment of proclivity and efficacy. Infection Disease & Health 2021, 26: s7. DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2021.09.025.
- Roberts SC, Aniskiewicz MJ, Choi SJ, Pettker CM, Martinello RA. Correlation of healthcare worker vaccination with inpatient healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 524-525. PMID: 34544506, PMCID: PMC8485009, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.414.
- Sangal RB, Peaper DR, Rothenberg C, Landry ML, Sussman LS, Martinello RA, Ulrich A, Venkatesh AK. Universal SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Emergency Department Admissions Increases Emergency Department Length of Stay. Annals Of Emergency Medicine 2021, 79: 182-186. PMID: 34756452, PMCID: PMC8424016, DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.005.
- Fogerty RL, Aniskiewicz M, Hedges T, Ryan S, Brien P, Beley P, Tangredi M, Mitchell M, d’Atri H, Jansen L, Williams E, LoRusso F, Sevilla M, Menillo J, Doyle D, Parrott H, Sheehan S, Martinello RA, Holmes M. Inpatient Capacity Management during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Yale New Haven Hospital Capacity Expansion Experience. Hospital Topics 2021, 100: 69-76. PMID: 34470597, DOI: 10.1080/00185868.2021.1926383.
- Poster D, Miller C, Martinello R, Horn N, Postek M, Cowan T, Obeng Y, Kasianowicz J. Ultraviolet Radiation Technologies and Healthcare-Associated Infections: Standards and Metrology Needs. Journal Of Research Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology 2021, 126: 126014. PMID: 38469449, PMCID: PMC10046890, DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.014.
- Kreitenberg A, Martinello R. Perspectives and Recommendations Regarding Standards for Ultraviolet-C Whole-Room Disinfection in Healthcare. Journal Of Research Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology 2021, 126: 126015. PMID: 36475087, PMCID: PMC9681192, DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.015.
- Pischel L, Geirsson A, Magaldi J, Martinello RA, Lee AI. A Brewing Back Pain. New England Journal Of Medicine 2021, 385: 66-72. PMID: 34192434, PMCID: PMC9273048, DOI: 10.1056/nejmcps2034802.
- Elwy AR, Maguire EM, Gallagher TH, Asch SM, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Bokhour BG, Gifford AL, Taylor TJ, Wagner TH. Risk Communication After Health Care Exposures: An Experimental Vignette Survey With Patients. MDM Policy & Practice 2021, 6: 23814683211045659. PMID: 34553068, PMCID: PMC8451260, DOI: 10.1177/23814683211045659.
- Elwy AR, Maguire EM, McCullough M, George J, Bokhour BG, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Wagner TH, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Gallagher TH, Walker Y, Sharpe VA, Geppert C, Holodniy M, West G. From implementation to sustainment: A large-scale adverse event disclosure support program generated through embedded research in the Veterans Health Administration. Healthcare 2021, 8: 100496. PMID: 34175102, DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100496.
- Roberts SC, Peaper DR, Sussman LS, Martinello RA, Pettker CM. Utility of Mass SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Asymptomatic Patients Before Ambulatory and Inpatient Preplanned Procedures Requiring Moderate Sedation or General Anesthesia. JAMA Network Open 2021, 4: e2114526. PMID: 34170307, PMCID: PMC8233702, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14526.
- Roberts SC, Peaper DR, Thorne CD, Sussman LS, Murray TS, Choi SJ, Pettker CM, Russi MB, Martinello RA. Mass severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of asymptomatic healthcare personnel – ERRATUM. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 1312-1312. PMID: 33779533, PMCID: PMC9981472, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.107.
- Weiss JJ, Attuquayefio TN, White EB, Li F, Herz RS, White TL, Campbell M, Geng B, Datta R, Wyllie AL, Grubaugh ND, Casanovas-Massana A, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Handoko R, Iwasaki A, Martinello RA, Ko AI, Small DM, Farhadian SF, Team T. Tracking smell loss to identify healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0248025. PMID: 33657167, PMCID: PMC7928484, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248025.
- Kurth A, Pinker E, Martinello RA, Honan L, Choi S, Beckman B. Critical Care Nursing: A Key Constraint to COVID-19 Response and Healthcare Now and in the Future. JONA The Journal Of Nursing Administration 2021, 51: e6-e12. PMID: 33570376, DOI: 10.1097/nna.0000000000000991.
- Kenney PA, Chan BK, Kortright KE, Cintron M, Russi M, Epright J, Lee L, Balcezak TJ, Havill NL, Martinello RA. Hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination of N95 respirators for reuse. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 45-47. PMID: 33557979, PMCID: PMC8185421, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.48.
- Li L, Roberts SC, Kulp W, Wing A, Barnes T, Colandrea N, Klink B, Fortunati F, Martinello R. Epidemiology, Infection Prevention, Testing Data, and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 on Five Inpatient Psychiatric Units in a large Academic Medical Center. Psychiatry Research 2021, 298: 113776. PMID: 33571800, PMCID: PMC7987366, DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113776.
- Roberts SC, Peaper DR, Thorne CD, Sussman LS, Murray TS, Choi SJ, Pettker CM, Russi MB, Martinello RA. Mass severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of asymptomatic healthcare personnel. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 42: 1-2. PMID: 33487206, PMCID: PMC7853752, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.9.
- Tierney M, Kim M, Baliga C, Ngoh M, Perkins K, Kainer M, McGiffert L, Martinello R, Allen M, Heyer K, Tomlinson L, Perz J, Terashita D. Guiding Principles and Practices for Healthcare Outbreak Notification and Disclosures: CORHA Policy Workgroup Framework. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2020, 41: s480-s481. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1157.
- Campbell M, James A, Fairweather I, Rivera-Vinas J, Kaslow R, Landry M, Peaper D, Martinello R. Outcomes of Patients With Hospital-Acquired Influenza. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2020, 41: s340-s340. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.951.
- Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, Warren JL, Geng B, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Vogels CBF, Petrone ME, Ott IM, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Lu-Culligan A, Klein J, Earnest R, Simonov M, Datta R, Handoko R, Naushad N, Sewanan LR, Valdez J, White EB, Lapidus S, Kalinich CC, Jiang X, Kim DJ, Kudo E, Linehan M, Mao T, Moriyama M, Oh JE, Park A, Silva J, Song E, Takahashi T, Taura M, Weizman OE, Wong P, Yang Y, Bermejo S, Odio CD, Omer SB, Dela Cruz CS, Farhadian S, Martinello RA, Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND, Ko AI. Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. New England Journal Of Medicine 2020, 383: 1283-1286. PMID: 32857487, PMCID: PMC7484747, DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2016359.
- Mousavi E, Kananizadeh N, Martinello R, Sherman J. COVID-19 Outbreak and Hospital Air Quality: A Systematic Review of Evidence on Air Filtration and Recirculation. Environmental Science And Technology 2020, 55: 4134-4147. PMID: 32845618, PMCID: PMC7489049, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03247.
- Peaper DR, Branson B, Parwani V, Ulrich A, Shapiro MJ, Clemons C, Campbell M, Owen M, Martinello RA, Landry ML. Clinical impact of rapid influenza PCR in the adult emergency department on patient management, ED length of stay, and nosocomial infection rate. Influenza And Other Respiratory Viruses 2020, 15: 254-261. PMID: 32851793, PMCID: PMC7902247, DOI: 10.1111/irv.12800.
- Mousavi ES, Godri Pollitt KJ, Sherman J, Martinello RA. Performance analysis of portable HEPA filters and temporary plastic anterooms on the spread of surrogate coronavirus. Building And Environment 2020, 183: 107186. PMID: 32834420, PMCID: PMC7424318, DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107186.
- Fauver JR, Petrone ME, Hodcroft EB, Shioda K, Ehrlich HY, Watts AG, Vogels CBF, Brito AF, Alpert T, Muyombwe A, Razeq J, Downing R, Cheemarla NR, Wyllie AL, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Quick J, Loman NJ, Neugebauer KM, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Roychoudhury P, Xie H, Shrestha L, Huang ML, Pitzer VE, Iwasaki A, Omer SB, Khan K, Bogoch II, Martinello RA, Foxman EF, Landry ML, Neher RA, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND. Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States. Cell 2020, 181: 990-996.e5. PMID: 32386545, PMCID: PMC7204677, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021.
- Jamieson DJ, Steinberg JP, Martinello RA, Perl TM, Rasmussen SA. Obstetricians on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Front Lines and the Confusing World of Personal Protective Equipment. Obstetrics And Gynecology 2020, 135: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003919. PMID: 32304512, PMCID: PMC7188024, DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003919.
- Colandrea NA, Cleary ML, Peaper DR, Sullivan LK, Martinello RA, Murray TS. Oxygen nipple and nut (Christmas tree) adaptor contamination rates and decontamination with disinfecting wipes. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2020, 41: 396-399. PMID: 31983357, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.9.
- Pepe D, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M. Involving Physicians-in-Training in the Care of Patients During Epidemics. Journal Of Graduate Medical Education 2019, 11: 632-634. PMID: 31871560, PMCID: PMC6919171, DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-19-00354.1.
- Rathod S, McManus D, Rivera-Vinas J, Topal J, Martinello R. 2385. Evaluating the Antibiotic Risk for Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI): Comparing Piperacillin/Tazobactam to Cefepime and Ceftazidime. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2019, 6: s823-s824. PMCID: PMC6810941, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2063.
- Martinello RA, Arbogast JW, Guercia K, Parker AE, Boyce JM. Nursing preference for alcohol-based hand rub volume. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2019, 40: 1248-1252. PMID: 31533869, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.251.
- Advani S, Gao C, Datta R, Sann L, Smith C, Leapman MS, Hittelman A, Sabetta J, Dembry LM, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M. Knowledge and Practices of Physicians and Nurses related to Urine Cultures in Catheterized Patients: An Assessment of Adherence to IDSA Guidelines. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2019, 6: ofz305. PMID: 31375836, PMCID: PMC6677670, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz305.
- Larason T, Poster D, Obeng Y, Postek M, Miller C, Cowen T, Martinello R. INNOVATIVE APPROACHE TO COMBAT HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS USING STANDARDS DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUSTRY AND U.S. FEDERAL COLLABORATION. 2019, 134-140. DOI: 10.25039/x46.2019.op23.
- Fogerty RL, Cabie M, Doyle D, Brien P, Beley P, Jansen L, Stump L, Gaffney J, Ferencz KW, Lourenco C, Cushing W, Williams E, Marseglia J, Martinello RA, Morris V. Conversion of a Conference Room into a Low-Acuity Inpatient Medical Unit: A Creative Response to Influenza-Related Surge. The Joint Commission Journal On Quality And Patient Safety 2019, 45: 524-529. PMID: 31164262, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjq.2019.02.004.
- Rathod SN, Beauvais K, Sullivan LK, Sudikoff SN, Peaper DR, Martinello RA. The effectiveness of a novel colorant additive in the daily cleaning of patient rooms. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2019, 40: 721-723. PMID: 31032758, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.67.
- Pepe D, Aniskiewicz M, Paci G, Sullivan L, Dembry L, Martinello R, Advani S. 807. A Risk-Stratified Approach to Healthcare-Associated Tuberculosis Exposures Following the “Stone in the Pond” Principle. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2018, 5: s289-s289. PMCID: PMC6255516, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy210.814.
- Acquarulo BA, Sullivan L, Gentile AL, Boyce JM, Martinello RA. Mixed-methods analysis of glove use as a barrier to hand hygiene. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2018, 40: 103-105. PMID: 30451126, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.293.
- Datta R, Helou E, Tucker M, John B, Martinello RA, Malinis M. Detection of influenza myocarditis using national healthcare safety network surveillance definitions accounting for fever in older adults. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2018, 39: 1145-1147. PMID: 29945685, PMCID: PMC6540757, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.147.
- Martinello R, Miller S, Fabian M, Peccia J. Identification of barriers and research opportunities to improve the effective and efficient application of adjunct UVC surface disinfection in healthcare. 2018, 10479: 104791b. DOI: 10.1117/12.2291091.
- Poster DL, Miller CC, Obeng Y, Postek MT, Cowan TE, Martinello RA. Innovative approaches to combat healthcare-associated infections using efficacy standards developed through industry and federal collaboration. Proceedings Of SPIE--the International Society For Optical Engineering 2018, 10730: 107301l. PMID: 31092964, PMCID: PMC6512965, DOI: 10.1117/12.2500431.
- Eaton JL, Mohr DC, McPhaul KM, Kaslow RA, Martinello RA. Access, Education and Policy Awareness: Predictors of Influenza Vaccine Acceptance Among VHA Healthcare Workers. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2017, 38: 970-975. PMID: 28641586, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2017.113.
- Hauser RG, Brandt CA, Martinello RA. Criteria to Screen Molecular Tests for the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus in the Central Nervous System have no Propensity to Harm. Journal Of Pathology Informatics 2017, 8: 4. PMID: 28400993, PMCID: PMC5360015, DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.201113.
- Maguire EM, Bokhour BG, Wagner TH, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Gallagher TH, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Elwy AR. Evaluating the implementation of a national disclosure policy for large-scale adverse events in an integrated health care system: identification of gaps and successes. BMC Health Services Research 2016, 16: 648. PMID: 27835983, PMCID: PMC5106838, DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1903-7.
- Razouki Z, Knighton T, Martinello RA, Hirsch PR, McPhaul KM, Rose AJ, McCullough M. Organizational factors associated with Health Care Provider (HCP) influenza campaigns in the Veterans health care system: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research 2016, 16: 211. PMID: 27378468, PMCID: PMC4932695, DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1462-y.
- Ibrahim LA, Sellick JA, Watson EL, McCabe LM, Schoenhals KA, Martinello RA, Lesse AJ. An Outbreak of Severe Group A Streptococcus Infections Associated with Podiatric Application of a Biologic Dermal Substitute. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2015, 37: 306-312. PMID: 26673775, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.306.
- Mortensen E, Kamali A, Schirmer PL, Lucero-Obusan C, Winston CA, Oda G, Winters MA, Durfee J, Martinello RA, Davey VJ, Holodniy M. Are current screening protocols for chronic hepatitis B virus infection adequate? Diagnostic Microbiology And Infectious Disease 2015, 85: 159-167. PMID: 27009896, DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.12.005.
- Schirmer P, Winston CA, Lucero-Obusan C, Winters M, Lesse A, de Comarmond C, Oda G, Martinello RA, Holodniy M. Reuse of Insulin Pens Among Multiple Patients at 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2015, 36: 1121-1129. PMID: 26198627, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.165.
- Wagner TH, Taylor T, Cowgill E, Asch SM, Su P, Bokhour B, Durfee J, Martinello RA, Maguire E, Elwy AR. Intended and unintended effects of large-scale adverse event disclosure: a controlled before-after analysis of five large-scale notifications. BMJ Quality & Safety 2015, 24: 295. PMID: 25882785, PMCID: PMC4413746, DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003800.
- LaVela SL, Hill JN, Smith BM, Evans CT, Goldstein B, Martinello R. Healthcare worker influenza declination form program. American Journal Of Infection Control 2015, 43: 624-628. PMID: 25798775, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.02.013.
- Schirmer P, Lucero-Obusan C, Winters M, Oda G, Martinello R, Davey V, Holodniy M. 1730Improperly Used Insulin Pen Lookback Investigation in a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2014, 1: s464-s465. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.1276.
- Schirmer P, Winters M, Lucero-Obusan C, Oda G, Martinello R, Davey V, Holodniy M. 1064Influenza Infection in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): 2013-2014. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2014, 1: s312-s312. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.772.
- Goulet JL, Martinello RA, Bathulapalli H, Higgins D, Driscoll MA, Brandt CA, Womack JA. STI Diagnosis and HIV Testing Among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans. Medical Care 2014, 52: 1064-1067. PMID: 25334054, PMCID: PMC4232995, DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000000253.
- Elwy AR, Bokhour BG, Maguire EM, Wagner TH, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Gallagher TH, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Schiffner S, Jesse RL. Improving Healthcare Systems’ Disclosures of Large-Scale Adverse Events: A Department of Veterans Affairs Leadership, Policymaker, Research and Stakeholder Partnership. Journal Of General Internal Medicine 2014, 29: 895-903. PMID: 25355090, PMCID: PMC4239293, DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3034-3.
- Midboe AM, Elwy AR, Durfee JM, Gifford AL, Yakovchenko V, Martinello RA, Ross D, Czarnogorski M, Goetz MB, Asch SM. Building Strong Research Partnerships Between Public Health and Researchers: A VA Case Study. Journal Of General Internal Medicine 2014, 29: 831-834. PMID: 25355082, PMCID: PMC4239290, DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3017-4.
- Subhash SS, Cavaiuolo M, Radonovich LJ, Eagan A, Lee ML, Campbell S, Martinello RA. Effectiveness of Common Healthcare Disinfectants against H1N1 Influenza Virus on Reusable Elastomeric Respirators. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2014, 35: 894-897. PMID: 24915224, DOI: 10.1086/676863.
- Lucero-Obusan C, Winters M, Schirmer P, Oda G, Martinello R, Davey V, Holodniy M. Influenza Surveillance in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): 2012-2013 Influenza Season. Online Journal Of Public Health Informatics 2014, 6: e151. PMCID: PMC4050878, DOI: 10.5210/ojphi.v6i1.5121.
- Orenstein W, Gellin B, Beigi R, Despres S, LaRussa P, Lynfield R, Maldonado Y, Morita J, Mouton C, Pisani A, Rawlins W, Rothholz M, Stenvig T, Tan L, Torres C, Viswanath K, Hetherington S, Hosbach P, Andrus J, Breidbart S, Daum R, Douglas C, Ehresmann K, Etkind P, Jarris P, Salisbury D, Spika J, Temte J, Villaseño I, Caserta V, Church R, Gruber M, Mabry-Hernandez I, Hill R, Kelman J, Martinello R, Mills J, Mulach B, Schuchat A, Shen A, Stanek C, Bridges C, Morita J, Orenstein W, Rothholz M, Stenvig T, Tan L, Torres C. Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee: Standards for Adult Immunization Practice. Public Health Reports 2014, 129: 115-123. PMID: 24587544, PMCID: PMC3904889, DOI: 10.1177/003335491412900203.
- Czarnogorski M, Halloran, CNS J, Pedati C, Dursa EK, Durfee J, Martinello R, Davey V, Ross D. Expanded HIV testing in the US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2009-2011. American Journal Of Public Health 2013, 103: e40-5. PMID: 24134344, PMCID: PMC3828973, DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301376.
- Reisinger HS, Yin J, Radonovich L, Knighton VT, Martinello RA, Hodgson MJ, Perencevich E. Comprehensive survey of hand hygiene measurement and improvement practices in the Veterans Health Administration. American Journal Of Infection Control 2013, 41: 989-993. PMID: 23932826, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.04.016.
- Hamlett-Berry K, Christofferson DE, Martinello RA. Smoking and tobacco use within the Department of Veterans Affairs. American Journal Of Public Health 2013, 103: e3. PMID: 23678898, PMCID: PMC3682628, DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301375.
- Orenstein W, Gellin B, Beigi R, Buck T, Despres S, LaRussa P, Lynfield R, Maldonado Y, Morita J, Mouton C, Pisani A, Rothholz M, Stenvig T, Tan L, Torres C, Viswanath K, Hetherington S, Lewin C, Bailowitz A, Baker C, Daum R, Douglas C, Hannan C, Jarris P, Rawlins W, Richardson V, Salisbury D, Burke M, Church R, Evans G, Gruber M, Mabry-Hernandez I, Hill R, Kelman J, Martinello R, McCluskey M, Mulach B, Schuchat A, Stanek C, Bailowitz A, Dwelle T, Etkind P, Grabowsky M, Groom A, Hannan C, Lewin C, Morita J, Mouton C, Orenstein W, Pisani A, Pope K, Shen A, Swartwood C, Talkington K, Tan L, Torres C, Wharton M. Protecting the Public's Health: Critical Functions of the Section 317 Immunization Program—A Report of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Reports 2013, 128: 78-95. PMID: 23450872, PMCID: PMC3560865, DOI: 10.1177/003335491312800203.
- Gupta K, Martinello RA, Young M, Strymish J, Cho K, Lawler E. MRSA Nasal Carriage Patterns and the Subsequent Risk of Conversion between Patterns, Infection, and Death. PLOS ONE 2013, 8: e53674. PMID: 23326483, PMCID: PMC3542362, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053674.
- Gunderson CG, Martinello RA. A systematic review of bacteremias in cellulitis and erysipelas. Journal Of Infection 2011, 64: 148-155. PMID: 22101078, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.004.
- Fink SL, Martinello RA, Campbell SM, Murray TS. Low Prevalence of Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Isolates among Connecticut Veterans. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy 2011, 56: 582-583. PMID: 22064529, PMCID: PMC3256079, DOI: 10.1128/aac.05024-11.
- Schult TM, Awosika ER, Hodgson MJ, Martinello RA. 2009 Influenza Pandemic Impact on Sick Leave Use in the Veterans Health Administration: Framework for a Health Care Provider–Based National Syndromic Surveillance System. Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness 2011, 5: s235-s241. PMID: 21908701, DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2011.54.
- Benin AL, Learsy-Cahill D, Das R, Kancir S, Welch B, Martinello RA. Veterans' attitudes to influenza vaccination in the setting of shortage of vaccine, 2004-2005. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2009, 5: 237-241. PMID: 18948733, DOI: 10.4161/hv.5.4.6808.
- Radonovich LJ, Martinello RA, Hodgson M, Milton DK, Nardell EA. Influenza and Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation. Virology Journal 2008, 5: 149. PMID: 19087288, PMCID: PMC2615759, DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-149.
- Martinello RA. Preparing for avian influenza. Current Opinion In Pediatrics 2007, 19: 64-70. PMID: 17224664, DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e328013cd13.
- Held MR, Begier EM, Beardsley DS, Browne FA, Martinello RA, Baltimore RS, McDonald LC, Jensen B, Hadler JL, Dembry LM. Life-Threatening Sepsis Caused by Burkholderia cepacia From Contaminated Intravenous Flush Solutions Prepared by a Compounding Pharmacy in Another State. Pediatrics 2006, 118: e212-e215. PMID: 16785290, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2617.
- Martinello RA, Esper F, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS. Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal Of Infection 2006, 53: 248-254. PMID: 16412516, PMCID: PMC7112509, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010.
- Esper F, Martinello RA, Boucher D, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS. A 1-Year Experience with Human Metapneumovirus in Children Aged <5 Years. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2004, 189: 1388-1396. PMID: 15073675, PMCID: PMC7109939, DOI: 10.1086/382482.
- Martinello RA, Teitelbaum J, Young E, Hostetter MK. NONTYPABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE MENINGITIS IN AN ELEVEN-YEAR-OLD. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004, 23: 281. PMID: 15014315, DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200403000-00029.
- Martinello RA, Jones L, Topal JE. Correlation Between Healthcare Workers' Knowledge of Influenza Vaccine and Vaccine Receipt. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2003, 24: 845-847. PMID: 14649773, DOI: 10.1086/502147.
- Esper F, Boucher D, Weibel C, Martinello RA, Kahn JS. Human Metapneumovirus Infection in the United States: Clinical Manifestations Associated With a Newly Emerging Respiratory Infection in Children. Pediatrics 2003, 111: 1407-1410. PMID: 12777560, DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.6.1407.
- Martinello RA, Cooney EL. Cerebellar Brain Abscess Associated with Tongue Piercing. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003, 36: e32-e34. PMID: 12522766, DOI: 10.1086/345755.
- Martinello RA, Chen MD, Weibel C, Kahn JS. Correlation between Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotype and Severity of Illness. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2002, 186: 839-842. PMID: 12198620, DOI: 10.1086/342414.
Biography
Richard Martinello, MD, is a Yale Medicine infectious disease expert who is passionate about the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and respiratory viruses, especially influenza. He is also the medical director of the Infection Prevention department at Yale New Haven Health.
“The world of bacteria, virus, and fungi is fascinating,” says Dr. Martinello. “Each microbe is its own character with its own personality and behavior. Improving our understanding of these microbes helps us to better prevent infections and identify and treat infections when they occur.”
This is of particular importance for infections that can be acquired in the hospital and other healthcare settings, he says.
“Our patients come to our offices, labs, and our hospitals for the care they need to improve their health and well-being,” Dr. Martinello says. “Unfortunately, healthcare settings are intrinsically risky for acquiring infections—patients who may be sick come together to receive care and many of the lifesaving aspects of care received, such as surgery and even antibiotics, can place patients at risk for acquiring infections. I truly enjoy partnering with my team and colleagues to work together to create safer ways to care for our patients.”
Dr. Martinello is an associate professor of medicine and pediatrics (infectious disease) at Yale School of Medicine. He researches the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and the epidemiology of respiratory viruses.
Titles
- Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Pediatrics
- Medical Director, Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Health
- Medical Director, Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale New Haven Health, Quality & Safety, Yale New Haven Health
Education & Training
- FellowYale-New Haven Hospital (2003)
- FellowYale School of Medicine (2003)
- FellowYale School of Medicine (2002)
- Chief ResidentIndiana University School of Medicine (1999)
- Internship and ResidencyIndiana University School of Medicine (1999)
- MDLoyola University (1995)
- BSLoyola University (1991)
Additional Information
- Roberts S, Willebrand K, Fredrick J, Pischel L, Patel K, Murray T, Martinello R. Characterizing healthcare personnel attitudes toward receipt of a voluntary bivalent COVID-19 booster vaccine during a COVID-19 outbreak at a behavioral health hospital in Connecticut. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2024, 4: e87. PMID: 38774120, PMCID: PMC11106727, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2024.78.
- Drews F, Martinello R, Hebden J, St John K, Pegues D. Disinfection of central venous access device needleless connectors: A human factors analysis. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2024, 1-6. PMID: 38389492, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2024.22.
- Gentile P, Roberts S, Wilson E, Martinello R. 1474. Getting to Zero: Our Journey to Decrease CABG Deep Sternal Wound Infections. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2023, 10: ofad500.1310. PMCID: PMC10676914, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad500.1310.
- Roberts S, Barbell E, Barber D, Dahlberg S, Heimer R, Jubanyik K, Parwani V, Pettigrew M, Tanner J, Ulrich A, Wade M, Wyllie A, Yolda-Carr D, Martinello R, Tanner W. Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and viable virus contamination of hospital emergency department surfaces and association with patient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status and aerosol-generating procedures. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2023, 45: 244-246. PMID: 37767709, PMCID: PMC10877528, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.183.
- Willebrand K, Fredrick J, Pischel L, Patel K, Roberts S, Murray T, Martinello R. Characterizing healthcare worker attitudes toward the bivalent COVID-19 booster. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2023, 3: s56-s57. PMCID: PMC10594485, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.300.
- Roberts S, Faruq R, Wilkinson A, Pashankar D, Russi M, Khokhar B, Martinello R. Analysis of Failure Rates for COVID-19 Entrance Screening at a US Academic Medical Center. JAMA Internal Medicine 2023, 183: 84-86. PMID: 36441528, PMCID: PMC9706395, DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5426.
- Havill N, Martinello R, Kenney P, Bragg C, Epright J, Cintron M, Solla I, Israel S. 1919. Implementation of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor (HPV) Decontamination of N95 Respirators for Reuse During COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2022, 9: ofac492.1546. PMCID: PMC9752717, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1546.
- Stevens M, Wright S, Kaye K, Zuckerman J, Passaretti C, Martinello R, Babcock H, Edmond M, Snyder G. At the vanguard: Leaders’ perspectives on establishing healthcare system infection prevention programs. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: e197. PMID: 36712469, PMCID: PMC9879856, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.334.
- Gao CA, Datta R, Dunne D, Dembry LM, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M, Advani SD. Comparison of traditional instruction versus nontraditional learning to improve trainee knowledge of urine culture practices in catheterized patients. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: e81. PMID: 35647610, PMCID: PMC9139028, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.225.
- Martinello R, Hebden J, Drews F, Pegues D. Human factors analysis of the disinfection of central-line needleless connectors. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: s32-s33. PMCID: PMC9614877, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.117.
- Roberts SC, Hendrix CA, Edwards LM, Feinn RS, Martinello RA, Murray TS. A mixed-methods evaluation on the efficacy and perceptions of needleless connector disinfectants. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2022, 44: 230-233. PMID: 35387702, PMCID: PMC9929708, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.72.
- Poster D, Postek M, Obeng Y, Kasianowicz J, Cowan T, Horn N, Miller C, Martinello R. Models for an Ultraviolet-C Research and Development Consortium. Journal Of Research Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology 2022, 126: 126055. PMID: 38469448, PMCID: PMC10112004, DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.055.
- Burnham JP, Betz F, Lautz R, Mousavi E, Martinello RA, McGain F, Sherman JD. Air exchanges, climate change, and severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Results from a survey of the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network (SRN). Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2022, 2: e40. PMID: 36310807, PMCID: PMC9614896, DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.256.
- Khera R, Mortazavi BJ, Sangha V, Warner F, Patrick Young H, Ross JS, Shah ND, Theel ES, Jenkinson WG, Knepper C, Wang K, Peaper D, Martinello RA, Brandt CA, Lin Z, Ko AI, Krumholz HM, Pollock BD, Schulz WL. A multicenter evaluation of computable phenotyping approaches for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalizations. Npj Digital Medicine 2022, 5: 27. PMID: 35260762, PMCID: PMC8904579, DOI: 10.1038/s41746-022-00570-4.
- Roberts SC, Palacios C, Grubaugh ND, Alpert T, Ott IM, Breban MI, Initiative Y, Martinello RA, Smith C, Davis MW, Mcmanus D, Tirmizi S, Topal JE, Azar MM, Malinis M. An outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 on a transplant unit in the early vaccination era. Transplant Infectious Disease 2022, 24: e13782. PMID: 34969164, DOI: 10.1111/tid.13782.
- Angel D, Gao D, DeLay K, Lin E, Eldred J, Arnold W, Santiago R, Redlich C, Martinello R, Sherman J, Peccia J, Pollitt K. Development and Application of a Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Passive Air Sampler to Assess Personal Exposure to SARS-CoV‑2. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2022, 9: 153-159. PMID: 37566382, PMCID: PMC8768000, DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00877.
- Green K, Claighen C, Zhou S, Martinello R, Leslie R, Jarvis W, Arbogast J. Differentiation of alcohol-based hand rubs: Assessment of proclivity and efficacy. Infection Disease & Health 2021, 26: s7. DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2021.09.025.
- Roberts SC, Aniskiewicz MJ, Choi SJ, Pettker CM, Martinello RA. Correlation of healthcare worker vaccination with inpatient healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 524-525. PMID: 34544506, PMCID: PMC8485009, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.414.
- Sangal RB, Peaper DR, Rothenberg C, Landry ML, Sussman LS, Martinello RA, Ulrich A, Venkatesh AK. Universal SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Emergency Department Admissions Increases Emergency Department Length of Stay. Annals Of Emergency Medicine 2021, 79: 182-186. PMID: 34756452, PMCID: PMC8424016, DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.005.
- Fogerty RL, Aniskiewicz M, Hedges T, Ryan S, Brien P, Beley P, Tangredi M, Mitchell M, d’Atri H, Jansen L, Williams E, LoRusso F, Sevilla M, Menillo J, Doyle D, Parrott H, Sheehan S, Martinello RA, Holmes M. Inpatient Capacity Management during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Yale New Haven Hospital Capacity Expansion Experience. Hospital Topics 2021, 100: 69-76. PMID: 34470597, DOI: 10.1080/00185868.2021.1926383.
- Poster D, Miller C, Martinello R, Horn N, Postek M, Cowan T, Obeng Y, Kasianowicz J. Ultraviolet Radiation Technologies and Healthcare-Associated Infections: Standards and Metrology Needs. Journal Of Research Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology 2021, 126: 126014. PMID: 38469449, PMCID: PMC10046890, DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.014.
- Kreitenberg A, Martinello R. Perspectives and Recommendations Regarding Standards for Ultraviolet-C Whole-Room Disinfection in Healthcare. Journal Of Research Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology 2021, 126: 126015. PMID: 36475087, PMCID: PMC9681192, DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.015.
- Pischel L, Geirsson A, Magaldi J, Martinello RA, Lee AI. A Brewing Back Pain. New England Journal Of Medicine 2021, 385: 66-72. PMID: 34192434, PMCID: PMC9273048, DOI: 10.1056/nejmcps2034802.
- Elwy AR, Maguire EM, Gallagher TH, Asch SM, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Bokhour BG, Gifford AL, Taylor TJ, Wagner TH. Risk Communication After Health Care Exposures: An Experimental Vignette Survey With Patients. MDM Policy & Practice 2021, 6: 23814683211045659. PMID: 34553068, PMCID: PMC8451260, DOI: 10.1177/23814683211045659.
- Elwy AR, Maguire EM, McCullough M, George J, Bokhour BG, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Wagner TH, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Gallagher TH, Walker Y, Sharpe VA, Geppert C, Holodniy M, West G. From implementation to sustainment: A large-scale adverse event disclosure support program generated through embedded research in the Veterans Health Administration. Healthcare 2021, 8: 100496. PMID: 34175102, DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100496.
- Roberts SC, Peaper DR, Sussman LS, Martinello RA, Pettker CM. Utility of Mass SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Asymptomatic Patients Before Ambulatory and Inpatient Preplanned Procedures Requiring Moderate Sedation or General Anesthesia. JAMA Network Open 2021, 4: e2114526. PMID: 34170307, PMCID: PMC8233702, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14526.
- Roberts SC, Peaper DR, Thorne CD, Sussman LS, Murray TS, Choi SJ, Pettker CM, Russi MB, Martinello RA. Mass severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of asymptomatic healthcare personnel – ERRATUM. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 1312-1312. PMID: 33779533, PMCID: PMC9981472, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.107.
- Weiss JJ, Attuquayefio TN, White EB, Li F, Herz RS, White TL, Campbell M, Geng B, Datta R, Wyllie AL, Grubaugh ND, Casanovas-Massana A, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Handoko R, Iwasaki A, Martinello RA, Ko AI, Small DM, Farhadian SF, Team T. Tracking smell loss to identify healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0248025. PMID: 33657167, PMCID: PMC7928484, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248025.
- Kurth A, Pinker E, Martinello RA, Honan L, Choi S, Beckman B. Critical Care Nursing: A Key Constraint to COVID-19 Response and Healthcare Now and in the Future. JONA The Journal Of Nursing Administration 2021, 51: e6-e12. PMID: 33570376, DOI: 10.1097/nna.0000000000000991.
- Kenney PA, Chan BK, Kortright KE, Cintron M, Russi M, Epright J, Lee L, Balcezak TJ, Havill NL, Martinello RA. Hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination of N95 respirators for reuse. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 45-47. PMID: 33557979, PMCID: PMC8185421, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.48.
- Li L, Roberts SC, Kulp W, Wing A, Barnes T, Colandrea N, Klink B, Fortunati F, Martinello R. Epidemiology, Infection Prevention, Testing Data, and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 on Five Inpatient Psychiatric Units in a large Academic Medical Center. Psychiatry Research 2021, 298: 113776. PMID: 33571800, PMCID: PMC7987366, DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113776.
- Roberts SC, Peaper DR, Thorne CD, Sussman LS, Murray TS, Choi SJ, Pettker CM, Russi MB, Martinello RA. Mass severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of asymptomatic healthcare personnel. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 42: 1-2. PMID: 33487206, PMCID: PMC7853752, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.9.
- Tierney M, Kim M, Baliga C, Ngoh M, Perkins K, Kainer M, McGiffert L, Martinello R, Allen M, Heyer K, Tomlinson L, Perz J, Terashita D. Guiding Principles and Practices for Healthcare Outbreak Notification and Disclosures: CORHA Policy Workgroup Framework. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2020, 41: s480-s481. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1157.
- Campbell M, James A, Fairweather I, Rivera-Vinas J, Kaslow R, Landry M, Peaper D, Martinello R. Outcomes of Patients With Hospital-Acquired Influenza. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2020, 41: s340-s340. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.951.
- Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, Warren JL, Geng B, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Vogels CBF, Petrone ME, Ott IM, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Lu-Culligan A, Klein J, Earnest R, Simonov M, Datta R, Handoko R, Naushad N, Sewanan LR, Valdez J, White EB, Lapidus S, Kalinich CC, Jiang X, Kim DJ, Kudo E, Linehan M, Mao T, Moriyama M, Oh JE, Park A, Silva J, Song E, Takahashi T, Taura M, Weizman OE, Wong P, Yang Y, Bermejo S, Odio CD, Omer SB, Dela Cruz CS, Farhadian S, Martinello RA, Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND, Ko AI. Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. New England Journal Of Medicine 2020, 383: 1283-1286. PMID: 32857487, PMCID: PMC7484747, DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2016359.
- Mousavi E, Kananizadeh N, Martinello R, Sherman J. COVID-19 Outbreak and Hospital Air Quality: A Systematic Review of Evidence on Air Filtration and Recirculation. Environmental Science And Technology 2020, 55: 4134-4147. PMID: 32845618, PMCID: PMC7489049, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03247.
- Peaper DR, Branson B, Parwani V, Ulrich A, Shapiro MJ, Clemons C, Campbell M, Owen M, Martinello RA, Landry ML. Clinical impact of rapid influenza PCR in the adult emergency department on patient management, ED length of stay, and nosocomial infection rate. Influenza And Other Respiratory Viruses 2020, 15: 254-261. PMID: 32851793, PMCID: PMC7902247, DOI: 10.1111/irv.12800.
- Mousavi ES, Godri Pollitt KJ, Sherman J, Martinello RA. Performance analysis of portable HEPA filters and temporary plastic anterooms on the spread of surrogate coronavirus. Building And Environment 2020, 183: 107186. PMID: 32834420, PMCID: PMC7424318, DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107186.
- Fauver JR, Petrone ME, Hodcroft EB, Shioda K, Ehrlich HY, Watts AG, Vogels CBF, Brito AF, Alpert T, Muyombwe A, Razeq J, Downing R, Cheemarla NR, Wyllie AL, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Quick J, Loman NJ, Neugebauer KM, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Roychoudhury P, Xie H, Shrestha L, Huang ML, Pitzer VE, Iwasaki A, Omer SB, Khan K, Bogoch II, Martinello RA, Foxman EF, Landry ML, Neher RA, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND. Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States. Cell 2020, 181: 990-996.e5. PMID: 32386545, PMCID: PMC7204677, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021.
- Jamieson DJ, Steinberg JP, Martinello RA, Perl TM, Rasmussen SA. Obstetricians on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Front Lines and the Confusing World of Personal Protective Equipment. Obstetrics And Gynecology 2020, 135: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003919. PMID: 32304512, PMCID: PMC7188024, DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003919.
- Colandrea NA, Cleary ML, Peaper DR, Sullivan LK, Martinello RA, Murray TS. Oxygen nipple and nut (Christmas tree) adaptor contamination rates and decontamination with disinfecting wipes. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2020, 41: 396-399. PMID: 31983357, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.9.
- Pepe D, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M. Involving Physicians-in-Training in the Care of Patients During Epidemics. Journal Of Graduate Medical Education 2019, 11: 632-634. PMID: 31871560, PMCID: PMC6919171, DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-19-00354.1.
- Rathod S, McManus D, Rivera-Vinas J, Topal J, Martinello R. 2385. Evaluating the Antibiotic Risk for Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI): Comparing Piperacillin/Tazobactam to Cefepime and Ceftazidime. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2019, 6: s823-s824. PMCID: PMC6810941, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2063.
- Martinello RA, Arbogast JW, Guercia K, Parker AE, Boyce JM. Nursing preference for alcohol-based hand rub volume. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2019, 40: 1248-1252. PMID: 31533869, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.251.
- Advani S, Gao C, Datta R, Sann L, Smith C, Leapman MS, Hittelman A, Sabetta J, Dembry LM, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M. Knowledge and Practices of Physicians and Nurses related to Urine Cultures in Catheterized Patients: An Assessment of Adherence to IDSA Guidelines. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2019, 6: ofz305. PMID: 31375836, PMCID: PMC6677670, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz305.
- Larason T, Poster D, Obeng Y, Postek M, Miller C, Cowen T, Martinello R. INNOVATIVE APPROACHE TO COMBAT HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS USING STANDARDS DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUSTRY AND U.S. FEDERAL COLLABORATION. 2019, 134-140. DOI: 10.25039/x46.2019.op23.
- Fogerty RL, Cabie M, Doyle D, Brien P, Beley P, Jansen L, Stump L, Gaffney J, Ferencz KW, Lourenco C, Cushing W, Williams E, Marseglia J, Martinello RA, Morris V. Conversion of a Conference Room into a Low-Acuity Inpatient Medical Unit: A Creative Response to Influenza-Related Surge. The Joint Commission Journal On Quality And Patient Safety 2019, 45: 524-529. PMID: 31164262, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjq.2019.02.004.
- Rathod SN, Beauvais K, Sullivan LK, Sudikoff SN, Peaper DR, Martinello RA. The effectiveness of a novel colorant additive in the daily cleaning of patient rooms. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2019, 40: 721-723. PMID: 31032758, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.67.
- Pepe D, Aniskiewicz M, Paci G, Sullivan L, Dembry L, Martinello R, Advani S. 807. A Risk-Stratified Approach to Healthcare-Associated Tuberculosis Exposures Following the “Stone in the Pond” Principle. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2018, 5: s289-s289. PMCID: PMC6255516, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy210.814.
- Acquarulo BA, Sullivan L, Gentile AL, Boyce JM, Martinello RA. Mixed-methods analysis of glove use as a barrier to hand hygiene. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2018, 40: 103-105. PMID: 30451126, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.293.
- Datta R, Helou E, Tucker M, John B, Martinello RA, Malinis M. Detection of influenza myocarditis using national healthcare safety network surveillance definitions accounting for fever in older adults. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2018, 39: 1145-1147. PMID: 29945685, PMCID: PMC6540757, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.147.
- Martinello R, Miller S, Fabian M, Peccia J. Identification of barriers and research opportunities to improve the effective and efficient application of adjunct UVC surface disinfection in healthcare. 2018, 10479: 104791b. DOI: 10.1117/12.2291091.
- Poster DL, Miller CC, Obeng Y, Postek MT, Cowan TE, Martinello RA. Innovative approaches to combat healthcare-associated infections using efficacy standards developed through industry and federal collaboration. Proceedings Of SPIE--the International Society For Optical Engineering 2018, 10730: 107301l. PMID: 31092964, PMCID: PMC6512965, DOI: 10.1117/12.2500431.
- Eaton JL, Mohr DC, McPhaul KM, Kaslow RA, Martinello RA. Access, Education and Policy Awareness: Predictors of Influenza Vaccine Acceptance Among VHA Healthcare Workers. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2017, 38: 970-975. PMID: 28641586, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2017.113.
- Hauser RG, Brandt CA, Martinello RA. Criteria to Screen Molecular Tests for the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus in the Central Nervous System have no Propensity to Harm. Journal Of Pathology Informatics 2017, 8: 4. PMID: 28400993, PMCID: PMC5360015, DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.201113.
- Maguire EM, Bokhour BG, Wagner TH, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Gallagher TH, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Elwy AR. Evaluating the implementation of a national disclosure policy for large-scale adverse events in an integrated health care system: identification of gaps and successes. BMC Health Services Research 2016, 16: 648. PMID: 27835983, PMCID: PMC5106838, DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1903-7.
- Razouki Z, Knighton T, Martinello RA, Hirsch PR, McPhaul KM, Rose AJ, McCullough M. Organizational factors associated with Health Care Provider (HCP) influenza campaigns in the Veterans health care system: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research 2016, 16: 211. PMID: 27378468, PMCID: PMC4932695, DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1462-y.
- Ibrahim LA, Sellick JA, Watson EL, McCabe LM, Schoenhals KA, Martinello RA, Lesse AJ. An Outbreak of Severe Group A Streptococcus Infections Associated with Podiatric Application of a Biologic Dermal Substitute. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2015, 37: 306-312. PMID: 26673775, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.306.
- Mortensen E, Kamali A, Schirmer PL, Lucero-Obusan C, Winston CA, Oda G, Winters MA, Durfee J, Martinello RA, Davey VJ, Holodniy M. Are current screening protocols for chronic hepatitis B virus infection adequate? Diagnostic Microbiology And Infectious Disease 2015, 85: 159-167. PMID: 27009896, DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.12.005.
- Schirmer P, Winston CA, Lucero-Obusan C, Winters M, Lesse A, de Comarmond C, Oda G, Martinello RA, Holodniy M. Reuse of Insulin Pens Among Multiple Patients at 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2015, 36: 1121-1129. PMID: 26198627, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.165.
- Wagner TH, Taylor T, Cowgill E, Asch SM, Su P, Bokhour B, Durfee J, Martinello RA, Maguire E, Elwy AR. Intended and unintended effects of large-scale adverse event disclosure: a controlled before-after analysis of five large-scale notifications. BMJ Quality & Safety 2015, 24: 295. PMID: 25882785, PMCID: PMC4413746, DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003800.
- LaVela SL, Hill JN, Smith BM, Evans CT, Goldstein B, Martinello R. Healthcare worker influenza declination form program. American Journal Of Infection Control 2015, 43: 624-628. PMID: 25798775, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.02.013.
- Schirmer P, Lucero-Obusan C, Winters M, Oda G, Martinello R, Davey V, Holodniy M. 1730Improperly Used Insulin Pen Lookback Investigation in a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2014, 1: s464-s465. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.1276.
- Schirmer P, Winters M, Lucero-Obusan C, Oda G, Martinello R, Davey V, Holodniy M. 1064Influenza Infection in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): 2013-2014. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2014, 1: s312-s312. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.772.
- Goulet JL, Martinello RA, Bathulapalli H, Higgins D, Driscoll MA, Brandt CA, Womack JA. STI Diagnosis and HIV Testing Among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans. Medical Care 2014, 52: 1064-1067. PMID: 25334054, PMCID: PMC4232995, DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000000253.
- Elwy AR, Bokhour BG, Maguire EM, Wagner TH, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Gallagher TH, Durfee JM, Martinello RA, Schiffner S, Jesse RL. Improving Healthcare Systems’ Disclosures of Large-Scale Adverse Events: A Department of Veterans Affairs Leadership, Policymaker, Research and Stakeholder Partnership. Journal Of General Internal Medicine 2014, 29: 895-903. PMID: 25355090, PMCID: PMC4239293, DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3034-3.
- Midboe AM, Elwy AR, Durfee JM, Gifford AL, Yakovchenko V, Martinello RA, Ross D, Czarnogorski M, Goetz MB, Asch SM. Building Strong Research Partnerships Between Public Health and Researchers: A VA Case Study. Journal Of General Internal Medicine 2014, 29: 831-834. PMID: 25355082, PMCID: PMC4239290, DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3017-4.
- Subhash SS, Cavaiuolo M, Radonovich LJ, Eagan A, Lee ML, Campbell S, Martinello RA. Effectiveness of Common Healthcare Disinfectants against H1N1 Influenza Virus on Reusable Elastomeric Respirators. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2014, 35: 894-897. PMID: 24915224, DOI: 10.1086/676863.
- Lucero-Obusan C, Winters M, Schirmer P, Oda G, Martinello R, Davey V, Holodniy M. Influenza Surveillance in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): 2012-2013 Influenza Season. Online Journal Of Public Health Informatics 2014, 6: e151. PMCID: PMC4050878, DOI: 10.5210/ojphi.v6i1.5121.
- Orenstein W, Gellin B, Beigi R, Despres S, LaRussa P, Lynfield R, Maldonado Y, Morita J, Mouton C, Pisani A, Rawlins W, Rothholz M, Stenvig T, Tan L, Torres C, Viswanath K, Hetherington S, Hosbach P, Andrus J, Breidbart S, Daum R, Douglas C, Ehresmann K, Etkind P, Jarris P, Salisbury D, Spika J, Temte J, Villaseño I, Caserta V, Church R, Gruber M, Mabry-Hernandez I, Hill R, Kelman J, Martinello R, Mills J, Mulach B, Schuchat A, Shen A, Stanek C, Bridges C, Morita J, Orenstein W, Rothholz M, Stenvig T, Tan L, Torres C. Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee: Standards for Adult Immunization Practice. Public Health Reports 2014, 129: 115-123. PMID: 24587544, PMCID: PMC3904889, DOI: 10.1177/003335491412900203.
- Czarnogorski M, Halloran, CNS J, Pedati C, Dursa EK, Durfee J, Martinello R, Davey V, Ross D. Expanded HIV testing in the US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2009-2011. American Journal Of Public Health 2013, 103: e40-5. PMID: 24134344, PMCID: PMC3828973, DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301376.
- Reisinger HS, Yin J, Radonovich L, Knighton VT, Martinello RA, Hodgson MJ, Perencevich E. Comprehensive survey of hand hygiene measurement and improvement practices in the Veterans Health Administration. American Journal Of Infection Control 2013, 41: 989-993. PMID: 23932826, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.04.016.
- Hamlett-Berry K, Christofferson DE, Martinello RA. Smoking and tobacco use within the Department of Veterans Affairs. American Journal Of Public Health 2013, 103: e3. PMID: 23678898, PMCID: PMC3682628, DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301375.
- Orenstein W, Gellin B, Beigi R, Buck T, Despres S, LaRussa P, Lynfield R, Maldonado Y, Morita J, Mouton C, Pisani A, Rothholz M, Stenvig T, Tan L, Torres C, Viswanath K, Hetherington S, Lewin C, Bailowitz A, Baker C, Daum R, Douglas C, Hannan C, Jarris P, Rawlins W, Richardson V, Salisbury D, Burke M, Church R, Evans G, Gruber M, Mabry-Hernandez I, Hill R, Kelman J, Martinello R, McCluskey M, Mulach B, Schuchat A, Stanek C, Bailowitz A, Dwelle T, Etkind P, Grabowsky M, Groom A, Hannan C, Lewin C, Morita J, Mouton C, Orenstein W, Pisani A, Pope K, Shen A, Swartwood C, Talkington K, Tan L, Torres C, Wharton M. Protecting the Public's Health: Critical Functions of the Section 317 Immunization Program—A Report of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Reports 2013, 128: 78-95. PMID: 23450872, PMCID: PMC3560865, DOI: 10.1177/003335491312800203.
- Gupta K, Martinello RA, Young M, Strymish J, Cho K, Lawler E. MRSA Nasal Carriage Patterns and the Subsequent Risk of Conversion between Patterns, Infection, and Death. PLOS ONE 2013, 8: e53674. PMID: 23326483, PMCID: PMC3542362, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053674.
- Gunderson CG, Martinello RA. A systematic review of bacteremias in cellulitis and erysipelas. Journal Of Infection 2011, 64: 148-155. PMID: 22101078, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.004.
- Fink SL, Martinello RA, Campbell SM, Murray TS. Low Prevalence of Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Isolates among Connecticut Veterans. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy 2011, 56: 582-583. PMID: 22064529, PMCID: PMC3256079, DOI: 10.1128/aac.05024-11.
- Schult TM, Awosika ER, Hodgson MJ, Martinello RA. 2009 Influenza Pandemic Impact on Sick Leave Use in the Veterans Health Administration: Framework for a Health Care Provider–Based National Syndromic Surveillance System. Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness 2011, 5: s235-s241. PMID: 21908701, DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2011.54.
- Benin AL, Learsy-Cahill D, Das R, Kancir S, Welch B, Martinello RA. Veterans' attitudes to influenza vaccination in the setting of shortage of vaccine, 2004-2005. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2009, 5: 237-241. PMID: 18948733, DOI: 10.4161/hv.5.4.6808.
- Radonovich LJ, Martinello RA, Hodgson M, Milton DK, Nardell EA. Influenza and Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation. Virology Journal 2008, 5: 149. PMID: 19087288, PMCID: PMC2615759, DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-149.
- Martinello RA. Preparing for avian influenza. Current Opinion In Pediatrics 2007, 19: 64-70. PMID: 17224664, DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e328013cd13.
- Held MR, Begier EM, Beardsley DS, Browne FA, Martinello RA, Baltimore RS, McDonald LC, Jensen B, Hadler JL, Dembry LM. Life-Threatening Sepsis Caused by Burkholderia cepacia From Contaminated Intravenous Flush Solutions Prepared by a Compounding Pharmacy in Another State. Pediatrics 2006, 118: e212-e215. PMID: 16785290, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2617.
- Martinello RA, Esper F, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS. Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal Of Infection 2006, 53: 248-254. PMID: 16412516, PMCID: PMC7112509, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010.
- Esper F, Martinello RA, Boucher D, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS. A 1-Year Experience with Human Metapneumovirus in Children Aged <5 Years. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2004, 189: 1388-1396. PMID: 15073675, PMCID: PMC7109939, DOI: 10.1086/382482.
- Martinello RA, Teitelbaum J, Young E, Hostetter MK. NONTYPABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE MENINGITIS IN AN ELEVEN-YEAR-OLD. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004, 23: 281. PMID: 15014315, DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200403000-00029.
- Martinello RA, Jones L, Topal JE. Correlation Between Healthcare Workers' Knowledge of Influenza Vaccine and Vaccine Receipt. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2003, 24: 845-847. PMID: 14649773, DOI: 10.1086/502147.
- Esper F, Boucher D, Weibel C, Martinello RA, Kahn JS. Human Metapneumovirus Infection in the United States: Clinical Manifestations Associated With a Newly Emerging Respiratory Infection in Children. Pediatrics 2003, 111: 1407-1410. PMID: 12777560, DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.6.1407.
- Martinello RA, Cooney EL. Cerebellar Brain Abscess Associated with Tongue Piercing. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003, 36: e32-e34. PMID: 12522766, DOI: 10.1086/345755.
- Martinello RA, Chen MD, Weibel C, Kahn JS. Correlation between Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotype and Severity of Illness. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2002, 186: 839-842. PMID: 12198620, DOI: 10.1086/342414.