- Yale MS Center6 Devine StreetSte Suite 2BNorth Haven, CT 06473
David Pitt, MD
Biography
David Pitt, MD, is a neurologist specializing in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuro-inflammatory diseases at Yale Medicine.
Dr. Pitt spends the majority of his time as a researcher, investigating the causes of neurodegeneration in MS. He is also working on a new imaging method to make inflammation visible in the brain so that doctors can adjust the way they treat MS at different stages of the disease. His research into the biological mechanisms behind MS informs his work as a physician.
When seeing patients, Dr. Pitt values taking the time to educate them about the nature of MS and how the scientific knowledge and treatments of the condition have substantially improved over the years. “The reputation of MS as a terrible disease lags behind how well we can treat it nowadays,” he says.
“I find it important to explain to newly diagnosed patients what it really means to have multiples sclerosis and how this might be different from their conception of what it is.”
In addition to treating patients and conducting research, Dr. Pitt is an associate professor of Neurology at the Yale School of Medicine.
Titles
- Associate Professor of Neurology
Education & Training
- FellowshipWashington University - St. Louis (2008)
- ResidencyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine (2005)
- InternshipAlbert Einstein College of Medicine (2002)
- MDPhilipps-Universitat Marburg, Medicine (1995)
Languages Spoken
- English
- Deutsch (German)
Additional Information
- Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, National MS Society: NMSS (2005)
- Postdoctoral Research Award, Department of Pathology, AECOM: AECOM (1998)
- German Research Council scholarship: German Research Council (1998)
- NIH, NINDS (2018 - Present): Reviewer
- Frontiers in Neurology (2017 - Present): Associate Editor
- Gurrea-Rubio M, Wang Q, Mills E, Wu Q, Pitt D, Tsou P, Fox D, Mao-Draayer Y. Siponimod Attenuates Neuronal Cell Death Triggered by Neuroinflammation via NFκB and Mitochondrial Pathways. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 2024, 25: 2454. PMID: 38473703, PMCID: PMC10931690, DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052454.
- Bagnato F, Sati P, Hemond C, Elliott C, Gauthier S, Harrison D, Mainero C, Oh J, Pitt D, Shinohara R, Smith S, Trapp B, Azevedo C, Calabresi P, Henry R, Laule C, Ontaneda D, Rooney W, Sicotte N, Reich D, Absinta M. Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Brain 2024, awae013. PMID: 38226694, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae013.
- Pitt D, Lo CH, Gauthier SA, Hickman RA, Longbrake E, Airas LM, Mao-Draayer Y, Riley C, De Jager PL, Wesley S, Boster A, Topalli I, Bagnato F, Mansoor M, Stuve O, Kister I, Pelletier D, Stathopoulos P, Dutta R, Lincoln MR. Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2022, 9: e200025. PMID: 36041861, PMCID: PMC9427000, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200025.
- Manouchehri N, Shirani A, Salinas VH, Tardo L, Hussain RZ, Pitt D, Stuve O. Clinical trials in multiple sclerosis: past, present, and future. Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska 2022, 56: 228-235. PMID: 35712986, DOI: 10.5603/pjnns.a2022.0041.
- Dimov AV, Gillen KM, Nguyen TD, Kang J, Sharma R, Pitt D, Gauthier SA, Wang Y. Magnetic Susceptibility Source Separation Solely from Gradient Echo Data: Histological Validation. Tomography 2022, 8: 1544-1551. PMID: 35736875, PMCID: PMC9228115, DOI: 10.3390/tomography8030127.
- Dimov AV, Nguyen TD, Gillen KM, Marcille M, Spincemaille P, Pitt D, Gauthier SA, Wang Y. Susceptibility source separation from gradient echo data using magnitude decay modeling. Journal Of Neuroimaging 2022, 32: 852-859. PMID: 35668022, DOI: 10.1111/jon.13014.
- Manouchehri N, Salinas VH, Yeganeh N, Pitt D, Hussain RZ, Stuve O. Efficacy of Disease Modifying Therapies in Progressive MS and How Immune Senescence May Explain Their Failure. Frontiers In Neurology 2022, 13: 854390. PMID: 35432156, PMCID: PMC9009145, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.854390.
- Zinger N, Ponath G, Sweeney E, Nguyen TD, Lo CH, Diaz I, Dimov A, Teng L, Zexter L, Comunale J, Wang Y, Pitt D, Gauthier SA. Dimethyl Fumarate Reduces Inflammation in Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2022, 9: e1138. PMID: 35046083, PMCID: PMC8771666, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001138.
- Rui J, Deng S, Perdigoto AL, Ponath G, Kursawe R, Lawlor N, Sumida T, Levine-Ritterman M, Stitzel ML, Pitt D, Lu J, Herold KC. Tet2 Controls the Responses of β cells to Inflammation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Nature Communications 2021, 12: 5074. PMID: 34417463, PMCID: PMC8379260, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25367-z.
- Lo CH, Skarica M, Mansoor M, Bhandarkar S, Toro S, Pitt D. Astrocyte Heterogeneity in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Understanding and Technical Challenges. Frontiers In Cellular Neuroscience 2021, 15: 726479. PMID: 34456686, PMCID: PMC8385194, DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.726479.
- Swanberg KM, Prinsen H, DeStefano K, Bailey M, Kurada AV, Pitt D, Fulbright RK, Juchem C. In vivo evidence of differential frontal cortex metabolic abnormalities in progressive and relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. NMR In Biomedicine 2021, 34: e4590. PMID: 34318959, DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4590.
- Gillen KM, Mubarak M, Park C, Ponath G, Zhang S, Dimov A, Levine‐Ritterman M, Toro S, Huang W, Amici S, Kaunzner UW, Gauthier SA, Guerau‐de‐Arellano M, Wang Y, Nguyen TD, Pitt D. QSM is an imaging biomarker for chronic glial activation in multiple sclerosis lesions. Annals Of Clinical And Translational Neurology 2021, 8: 877-886. PMID: 33704933, PMCID: PMC8045922, DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51338.
- Lucca LE, Lerner BA, Park C, DeBartolo D, Harnett B, Kumar VP, Ponath G, Raddassi K, Huttner A, Hafler DA, Pitt D. Differential expression of the T-cell inhibitor TIGIT in glioblastoma and MS. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2020, 7: e712. PMID: 32269065, PMCID: PMC7188477, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000712.
- Swanberg KM, Landheer K, Pitt D, Juchem C. Quantifying the Metabolic Signature of Multiple Sclerosis by in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Current Challenges and Future Outlook in the Translation From Proton Signal to Diagnostic Biomarker. Frontiers In Neurology 2019, 10: 1173. PMID: 31803127, PMCID: PMC6876616, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01173.
- Park C, Ponath G, Levine-Ritterman M, Bull E, Swanson EC, De Jager PL, Segal BM, Pitt D. The landscape of myeloid and astrocyte phenotypes in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Acta Neuropathologica Communications 2019, 7: 130. PMID: 31405387, PMCID: PMC6689891, DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0779-2.
- Ramaglia V, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Legg K, Park C, Rojas OL, Zandee S, Fu F, Ornatsky O, Swanson EC, Pitt D, Prat A, McKee TD, Gommerman JL. Multiplexed imaging of immune cells in staged multiple sclerosis lesions by mass cytometry. ELife 2019, 8: e48051. PMID: 31368890, PMCID: PMC6707785, DOI: 10.7554/elife.48051.
- Ponath G, Lincoln MR, Levine-Ritterman M, Park C, Dahlawi S, Mubarak M, Sumida T, Airas L, Zhang S, Isitan C, Nguyen TD, Raine CS, Hafler DA, Pitt D. Enhanced astrocyte responses are driven by a genetic risk allele associated with multiple sclerosis. Nature Communications 2018, 9: 5337. PMID: 30559390, PMCID: PMC6297228, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07785-8.
- Kaunzner UW, Kang Y, Zhang S, Morris E, Yao Y, Pandya S, Rua S, Park C, Gillen KM, Nguyen TD, Wang Y, Pitt D, Gauthier SA. Quantitative susceptibility mapping identifies inflammation in a subset of chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 2018, 142: 133-145. PMID: 30561514, PMCID: PMC6308309, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy296.
- Pitt D, Ponath G. Astrocytes play a crucial role in the formation and evolution of MS lesions – Yes. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2018, 25: 15-17. PMID: 30136895, DOI: 10.1177/1352458518793026.
- Deh K, Ponath GD, Molvi Z, Parel G, Gillen KM, Zhang S, Nguyen TD, Spincemaille P, Ma Y, Gupta A, Gauthier SA, Pitt D, Wang Y. Magnetic susceptibility increases as diamagnetic molecules breakdown: Myelin digestion during multiple sclerosis lesion formation contributes to increase on QSM. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2018, 48: 1281-1287. PMID: 29517817, PMCID: PMC6129234, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25997.
- Gillen KM, Mubarak M, Nguyen TD, Pitt D. Significance and In Vivo Detection of Iron-Laden Microglia in White Matter Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Frontiers In Immunology 2018, 9: 255. PMID: 29515576, PMCID: PMC5826076, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00255.
- Ponath G, Park C, Pitt D. The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers In Immunology 2018, 9: 217. PMID: 29515568, PMCID: PMC5826071, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00217.
- Giles DA, Washnock‐Schmid J, Duncker PC, Dahlawi S, Ponath G, Pitt D, Segal BM. Myeloid cell plasticity in the evolution of central nervous system autoimmunity. Annals Of Neurology 2018, 83: 131-141. PMID: 29283442, PMCID: PMC5876132, DOI: 10.1002/ana.25128.
- Nylander AN, Ponath GD, Axisa PP, Mubarak M, Tomayko M, Kuchroo VK, Pitt D, Hafler DA. Podoplanin is a negative regulator of Th17 inflammation. JCI Insight 2017, 2: e92321. PMID: 28878118, PMCID: PMC5621890, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92321.
- Wang Y, Spincemaille P, Liu Z, Dimov A, Deh K, Li J, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Gillen KM, Wilman AH, Gupta A, Tsiouris AJ, Kovanlikaya I, Chiang G, Weinsaft JW, Tanenbaum L, Chen W, Zhu W, Chang S, Lou M, Kopell BH, Kaplitt MG, Devos D, Hirai T, Huang X, Korogi Y, Shtilbans A, Jahng G, Pelletier D, Gauthier SA, Pitt D, Bush AI, Brittenham GM, Prince MR. Clinical quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Biometal imaging and its emerging roles in patient care. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2017, 46: 951-971. PMID: 28295954, PMCID: PMC5592126, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25693.
- Ponath G, Ramanan S, Mubarak M, Housley W, Lee S, Sahinkaya FR, Vortmeyer A, Raine CS, Pitt D. Myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes after myelin damage promotes lesion pathology. Brain 2016, 140: 399-413. PMID: 28007993, PMCID: PMC5841057, DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww298.
- Zhang Y, Gauthier SA, Gupta A, Chen W, Comunale J, Chiang G, Zhou D, Askin G, Zhu W, Pitt D, Wang Y. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping and R2* Measured Changes during White Matter Lesion Development in Multiple Sclerosis: Myelin Breakdown, Myelin Debris Degradation and Removal, and Iron Accumulation. American Journal Of Neuroradiology 2016, 37: 1629-1635. PMID: 27256856, PMCID: PMC5018433, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4825.
- Cao Y, Nylander A, Ramanan S, Goods BA, Ponath G, Zabad R, Chiang VL, Vortmeyer AO, Hafler DA, Pitt D. CNS demyelination and enhanced myelin-reactive responses after ipilimumab treatment. Neurology 2016, 86: 1553-1556. PMID: 26984943, PMCID: PMC5573201, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002594.
- Stüber C, Pitt D, Wang Y. Iron in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Noninvasive Imaging with Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 2016, 17: 100. PMID: 26784172, PMCID: PMC4730342, DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010100.
- Schmalbrock P, Prakash RS, Schirda B, Janssen A, Yang GK, Russell M, Knopp MV, Boster A, Nicholas JA, Racke M, Pitt D. Basal Ganglia Iron in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Measured with 7T Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Correlates with Inhibitory Control. American Journal Of Neuroradiology 2015, 37: 439-446. PMID: 26611996, PMCID: PMC7960135, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4599.
- Housley WJ, Pitt D, Hafler DA. Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Clinical Immunology 2015, 161: 51-58. PMID: 26143623, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.015.
- Nylander A, Ramanan S, Debartolo D, Park C, Hafler D, Pitt D. Immune Infiltrates Expressing Podoplanin (PDPN) are Present in Multiple Sclerosis but not Glioblastoma (S12.002). Neurology 2015, 84 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.s12.002.
- Kim I, DeBartolo D, Ramanan S, Ponath G, Pitt D. Excess Lipid Accumulation in Cortical Neurons in Multiple Sclerosis May Lead to Autophagic Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration (P5.237). Neurology 2015, 84 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.p5.237.
- Lowther D, Ramanan S, DeBartolo D, Park C, Duan X, Hafler D, Pitt D. The TIGIT/CD226/CD155 axis is differentially expressed in MS and glioblastoma: implications for autoimmunity and tumor immune escape. (P4.043). Neurology 2015, 84 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.p4.043.
- Orack JC, Deleidi M, Pitt D, Mahajan K, Nicholas JA, Boster AL, Racke MK, Comabella M, Watanabe F, Imitola J. Concise Review: Modeling Multiple Sclerosis With Stem Cell Biological Platforms: Toward Functional Validation of Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes in Inflammation-Induced Neurodegeneration. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2015, 4: 252-260. PMID: 25593207, PMCID: PMC4339849, DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0133.
- Guerau-de-Arellano M, Liu Y, Meisen WH, Pitt D, Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE. Analysis of miRNA in Normal Appearing White Matter to Identify Altered CNS Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal Of Autoimmune Disorders 2015, 1 PMID: 26894232, PMCID: PMC4755487, DOI: 10.21767/2471-8153.100006.
- Wisnieff C, Ramanan S, Olesik J, Gauthier S, Wang Y, Pitt D. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Interpreting positive susceptibility and the presence of iron. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 2014, 74: 564-570. PMID: 25137340, PMCID: PMC4333139, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25420.
- Stern JN, Yaari G, Vander Heiden JA, Church G, Donahue WF, Hintzen RQ, Huttner AJ, Laman JD, Nagra RM, Nylander A, Pitt D, Ramanan S, Siddiqui BA, Vigneault F, Kleinstein SH, Hafler DA, O'Connor KC. B cells populating the multiple sclerosis brain mature in the draining cervical lymph nodes. Science Translational Medicine 2014, 6: 248ra107. PMID: 25100741, PMCID: PMC4388137, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008879.
- Soltys J, Knight J, Scharf E, Pitt D, Mao-Draayer Y. IFN-β alters neurotrophic factor expression in T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients - implication of novel neurotensin/NTSR1 pathway in neuroprotection. American Journal Of Translational Research 2014, 6: 312-9. PMID: 24936223, PMCID: PMC4058312.
- Chen W, Gauthier SA, Gupta A, Comunale J, Liu T, Wang S, Pei M, Pitt D, Wang Y. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions at Various Ages. Radiology 2013, 271: 183-92. PMID: 24475808, PMCID: PMC4263629, DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13130353.
- Cox GM, Kithcart AP, Pitt D, Guan Z, Alexander J, Williams JL, Shawler T, Dagia NM, Popovich PG, Satoskar AR, Whitacre CC. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor potentiates autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation. Journal Of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2013, 191: 1043-54. PMID: 23797673, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200485.
- Mehta V, Pei W, Yang G, Li S, Swamy E, Boster A, Schmalbrock P, Pitt D. Iron Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. PLOS ONE 2013, 8: e57573. PMID: 23516409, PMCID: PMC3597727, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057573.
- Boster AL, Nicholas JA, Topalli I, Kisanuki YY, Pei W, Morgan-Followell B, Kirsch CF, Racke MK, Pitt D. Lessons Learned From Fatal Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Natalizumab. JAMA Neurology 2013, 70: 398-402. PMID: 23338729, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1960.
- Nicholas J, Savel M, Schaffer C, Bartoszek M, O'Connell C, Rammohan K, Kirsch C, Pitt D, Racke M, Boster A. Combination Interferon-beta 1a and Mycophenolate Mofetil in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Effects on Safety, Relapse Rate and Disability (P07.123). Neurology 2013, 80 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.80.7_supplement.p07.123.
- Bluestein KT, Pitt D, Sammet S, Zachariah CR, Nagaraj U, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. Detecting cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis at 7 T using white matter signal attenuation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2012, 30: 907-915. PMID: 22578928, PMCID: PMC3402634, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.03.006.
- Nicholas J, Morgan-Followell B, Pitt D, Racke MK, Boster A. New and Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: What is New and What is to Come. Journal Of Central Nervous System Disease 2012, 4: jcnsd.s6692. PMID: 23650470, PMCID: PMC3619700, DOI: 10.4137/jcnsd.s6692.
- Boster A, Bartoszek MP, O’Connell C, Pitt D, Racke M. Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of glatiramer acetate in the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic Advances In Neurological Disorders 2011, 4: 319-332. PMID: 22010043, PMCID: PMC3187678, DOI: 10.1177/1756285611422108.
- Bluestein KT, Pitt D, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. T1 and proton density at 7 T in patients with multiple sclerosis: an initial study. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2011, 30: 19-25. PMID: 21937183, PMCID: PMC3375320, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.07.018.
- Schaaf SM, Pitt D, Racke MK. What happens when natalizumab therapy is stopped? Expert Review Of Neurotherapeutics 2011, 11: 1247-1250. PMID: 21864070, DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.109.
- Pitt D, Boster A, Pei W, Wohleb E, Jasne A, Zachariah CR, Rammohan K, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. Imaging Cortical Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis With Ultra–High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JAMA Neurology 2010, 67: 812-818. PMID: 20625086, DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.148.
- Pitt D, Gonzales E, Cross AH, Goldberg MP. Dysmyelinated axons in shiverer mice are highly vulnerable to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated toxicity. Brain Research 2009, 1309: 146-154. PMID: 19896473, PMCID: PMC7343376, DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.066.
- Pitt D, Raine C. Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Multiple Sclerosis. 2004, 285-303. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8959-8_16.
- Pitt D, Nagelmeier IE, Wilson HC, Raine CS. Glutamate uptake by oligodendrocytes. Neurology 2003, 61: 1113-1120. PMID: 14581674, DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000090564.88719.37.
- Gaupp S, Pitt D, Kuziel WA, Cannella B, Raine CS. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CCR2−/− Mice Susceptibility in Multiple Strains. American Journal Of Pathology 2003, 162: 139-150. PMID: 12507897, PMCID: PMC1851120, DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63805-9.
- Werner P, Pitt D, Raine C. Multiple sclerosis: Altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage. Annals Of Neurology 2001, 50: 169-180. PMID: 11506399, DOI: 10.1002/ana.1077.
- Cannella B, Pitt D, Capello E, Raine C. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Fails to Enhance Central Nervous System Myelin Repair during Autoimmune Demyelination. American Journal Of Pathology 2000, 157: 933-943. PMID: 10980132, PMCID: PMC1885703, DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64606-8.
- Pitt D, Werner P, Raine C. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nature Medicine 2000, 6: 67-70. PMID: 10613826, DOI: 10.1038/71555.
- Werner P, Pitt D, Raine CS. Glutamate excitotoxicity — a mechanism for axonal damage and oligodendrocyte death in Multiple Sclerosis? 2000, 375-385. PMID: 11205156, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6301-6_27.
- Cannella B, Pitt D, Marchionni M, Raine C. Neuregulin and erbB receptor expression in normal and diseased human white matter. Journal Of Neuroimmunology 1999, 100: 233-242. PMID: 10695733, DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00201-5.
- Zeine R, Cannella B, Pitt D, Raine C. PERFORIN EXPRESSION IN DEMYELINATIVE LESIONS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, AND A ROLE FOR PERFORIN IN THE REGULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Journal Of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 1999, 58: 564. DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199905000-00232.
- Pitt D, Kuziel W, Charles P, Cannella B, Raine C. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in chemokine receptor deficient mice. Journal Of Neuroimmunology 1998, 90: 60. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)91536-3.
- Fehmann HC, Jiang J, Pitt D, Schweinfurth J, Göke B. Ligand-induced regulation of glucagon-like peptide-I receptor function and expression in insulin-secreting beta cells. Pancreas 1996, 13: 273-82. PMID: 8884849, DOI: 10.1097/00006676-199610000-00010.
- Yale MS Center6 Devine StreetSte Suite 2BNorth Haven, CT 06473
Biography
David Pitt, MD, is a neurologist specializing in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuro-inflammatory diseases at Yale Medicine.
Dr. Pitt spends the majority of his time as a researcher, investigating the causes of neurodegeneration in MS. He is also working on a new imaging method to make inflammation visible in the brain so that doctors can adjust the way they treat MS at different stages of the disease. His research into the biological mechanisms behind MS informs his work as a physician.
When seeing patients, Dr. Pitt values taking the time to educate them about the nature of MS and how the scientific knowledge and treatments of the condition have substantially improved over the years. “The reputation of MS as a terrible disease lags behind how well we can treat it nowadays,” he says.
“I find it important to explain to newly diagnosed patients what it really means to have multiples sclerosis and how this might be different from their conception of what it is.”
In addition to treating patients and conducting research, Dr. Pitt is an associate professor of Neurology at the Yale School of Medicine.
Titles
- Associate Professor of Neurology
Education & Training
- FellowshipWashington University - St. Louis (2008)
- ResidencyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine (2005)
- InternshipAlbert Einstein College of Medicine (2002)
- MDPhilipps-Universitat Marburg, Medicine (1995)
Languages Spoken
- English
- Deutsch (German)
Additional Information
- Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, National MS Society: NMSS (2005)
- Postdoctoral Research Award, Department of Pathology, AECOM: AECOM (1998)
- German Research Council scholarship: German Research Council (1998)
- NIH, NINDS (2018 - Present): Reviewer
- Frontiers in Neurology (2017 - Present): Associate Editor
- Gurrea-Rubio M, Wang Q, Mills E, Wu Q, Pitt D, Tsou P, Fox D, Mao-Draayer Y. Siponimod Attenuates Neuronal Cell Death Triggered by Neuroinflammation via NFκB and Mitochondrial Pathways. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 2024, 25: 2454. PMID: 38473703, PMCID: PMC10931690, DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052454.
- Bagnato F, Sati P, Hemond C, Elliott C, Gauthier S, Harrison D, Mainero C, Oh J, Pitt D, Shinohara R, Smith S, Trapp B, Azevedo C, Calabresi P, Henry R, Laule C, Ontaneda D, Rooney W, Sicotte N, Reich D, Absinta M. Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Brain 2024, awae013. PMID: 38226694, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae013.
- Pitt D, Lo CH, Gauthier SA, Hickman RA, Longbrake E, Airas LM, Mao-Draayer Y, Riley C, De Jager PL, Wesley S, Boster A, Topalli I, Bagnato F, Mansoor M, Stuve O, Kister I, Pelletier D, Stathopoulos P, Dutta R, Lincoln MR. Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2022, 9: e200025. PMID: 36041861, PMCID: PMC9427000, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200025.
- Manouchehri N, Shirani A, Salinas VH, Tardo L, Hussain RZ, Pitt D, Stuve O. Clinical trials in multiple sclerosis: past, present, and future. Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska 2022, 56: 228-235. PMID: 35712986, DOI: 10.5603/pjnns.a2022.0041.
- Dimov AV, Gillen KM, Nguyen TD, Kang J, Sharma R, Pitt D, Gauthier SA, Wang Y. Magnetic Susceptibility Source Separation Solely from Gradient Echo Data: Histological Validation. Tomography 2022, 8: 1544-1551. PMID: 35736875, PMCID: PMC9228115, DOI: 10.3390/tomography8030127.
- Dimov AV, Nguyen TD, Gillen KM, Marcille M, Spincemaille P, Pitt D, Gauthier SA, Wang Y. Susceptibility source separation from gradient echo data using magnitude decay modeling. Journal Of Neuroimaging 2022, 32: 852-859. PMID: 35668022, DOI: 10.1111/jon.13014.
- Manouchehri N, Salinas VH, Yeganeh N, Pitt D, Hussain RZ, Stuve O. Efficacy of Disease Modifying Therapies in Progressive MS and How Immune Senescence May Explain Their Failure. Frontiers In Neurology 2022, 13: 854390. PMID: 35432156, PMCID: PMC9009145, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.854390.
- Zinger N, Ponath G, Sweeney E, Nguyen TD, Lo CH, Diaz I, Dimov A, Teng L, Zexter L, Comunale J, Wang Y, Pitt D, Gauthier SA. Dimethyl Fumarate Reduces Inflammation in Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2022, 9: e1138. PMID: 35046083, PMCID: PMC8771666, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001138.
- Rui J, Deng S, Perdigoto AL, Ponath G, Kursawe R, Lawlor N, Sumida T, Levine-Ritterman M, Stitzel ML, Pitt D, Lu J, Herold KC. Tet2 Controls the Responses of β cells to Inflammation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Nature Communications 2021, 12: 5074. PMID: 34417463, PMCID: PMC8379260, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25367-z.
- Lo CH, Skarica M, Mansoor M, Bhandarkar S, Toro S, Pitt D. Astrocyte Heterogeneity in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Understanding and Technical Challenges. Frontiers In Cellular Neuroscience 2021, 15: 726479. PMID: 34456686, PMCID: PMC8385194, DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.726479.
- Swanberg KM, Prinsen H, DeStefano K, Bailey M, Kurada AV, Pitt D, Fulbright RK, Juchem C. In vivo evidence of differential frontal cortex metabolic abnormalities in progressive and relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. NMR In Biomedicine 2021, 34: e4590. PMID: 34318959, DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4590.
- Gillen KM, Mubarak M, Park C, Ponath G, Zhang S, Dimov A, Levine‐Ritterman M, Toro S, Huang W, Amici S, Kaunzner UW, Gauthier SA, Guerau‐de‐Arellano M, Wang Y, Nguyen TD, Pitt D. QSM is an imaging biomarker for chronic glial activation in multiple sclerosis lesions. Annals Of Clinical And Translational Neurology 2021, 8: 877-886. PMID: 33704933, PMCID: PMC8045922, DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51338.
- Lucca LE, Lerner BA, Park C, DeBartolo D, Harnett B, Kumar VP, Ponath G, Raddassi K, Huttner A, Hafler DA, Pitt D. Differential expression of the T-cell inhibitor TIGIT in glioblastoma and MS. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2020, 7: e712. PMID: 32269065, PMCID: PMC7188477, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000712.
- Swanberg KM, Landheer K, Pitt D, Juchem C. Quantifying the Metabolic Signature of Multiple Sclerosis by in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Current Challenges and Future Outlook in the Translation From Proton Signal to Diagnostic Biomarker. Frontiers In Neurology 2019, 10: 1173. PMID: 31803127, PMCID: PMC6876616, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01173.
- Park C, Ponath G, Levine-Ritterman M, Bull E, Swanson EC, De Jager PL, Segal BM, Pitt D. The landscape of myeloid and astrocyte phenotypes in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Acta Neuropathologica Communications 2019, 7: 130. PMID: 31405387, PMCID: PMC6689891, DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0779-2.
- Ramaglia V, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Legg K, Park C, Rojas OL, Zandee S, Fu F, Ornatsky O, Swanson EC, Pitt D, Prat A, McKee TD, Gommerman JL. Multiplexed imaging of immune cells in staged multiple sclerosis lesions by mass cytometry. ELife 2019, 8: e48051. PMID: 31368890, PMCID: PMC6707785, DOI: 10.7554/elife.48051.
- Ponath G, Lincoln MR, Levine-Ritterman M, Park C, Dahlawi S, Mubarak M, Sumida T, Airas L, Zhang S, Isitan C, Nguyen TD, Raine CS, Hafler DA, Pitt D. Enhanced astrocyte responses are driven by a genetic risk allele associated with multiple sclerosis. Nature Communications 2018, 9: 5337. PMID: 30559390, PMCID: PMC6297228, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07785-8.
- Kaunzner UW, Kang Y, Zhang S, Morris E, Yao Y, Pandya S, Rua S, Park C, Gillen KM, Nguyen TD, Wang Y, Pitt D, Gauthier SA. Quantitative susceptibility mapping identifies inflammation in a subset of chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 2018, 142: 133-145. PMID: 30561514, PMCID: PMC6308309, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy296.
- Pitt D, Ponath G. Astrocytes play a crucial role in the formation and evolution of MS lesions – Yes. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2018, 25: 15-17. PMID: 30136895, DOI: 10.1177/1352458518793026.
- Deh K, Ponath GD, Molvi Z, Parel G, Gillen KM, Zhang S, Nguyen TD, Spincemaille P, Ma Y, Gupta A, Gauthier SA, Pitt D, Wang Y. Magnetic susceptibility increases as diamagnetic molecules breakdown: Myelin digestion during multiple sclerosis lesion formation contributes to increase on QSM. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2018, 48: 1281-1287. PMID: 29517817, PMCID: PMC6129234, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25997.
- Gillen KM, Mubarak M, Nguyen TD, Pitt D. Significance and In Vivo Detection of Iron-Laden Microglia in White Matter Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Frontiers In Immunology 2018, 9: 255. PMID: 29515576, PMCID: PMC5826076, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00255.
- Ponath G, Park C, Pitt D. The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers In Immunology 2018, 9: 217. PMID: 29515568, PMCID: PMC5826071, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00217.
- Giles DA, Washnock‐Schmid J, Duncker PC, Dahlawi S, Ponath G, Pitt D, Segal BM. Myeloid cell plasticity in the evolution of central nervous system autoimmunity. Annals Of Neurology 2018, 83: 131-141. PMID: 29283442, PMCID: PMC5876132, DOI: 10.1002/ana.25128.
- Nylander AN, Ponath GD, Axisa PP, Mubarak M, Tomayko M, Kuchroo VK, Pitt D, Hafler DA. Podoplanin is a negative regulator of Th17 inflammation. JCI Insight 2017, 2: e92321. PMID: 28878118, PMCID: PMC5621890, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92321.
- Wang Y, Spincemaille P, Liu Z, Dimov A, Deh K, Li J, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Gillen KM, Wilman AH, Gupta A, Tsiouris AJ, Kovanlikaya I, Chiang G, Weinsaft JW, Tanenbaum L, Chen W, Zhu W, Chang S, Lou M, Kopell BH, Kaplitt MG, Devos D, Hirai T, Huang X, Korogi Y, Shtilbans A, Jahng G, Pelletier D, Gauthier SA, Pitt D, Bush AI, Brittenham GM, Prince MR. Clinical quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Biometal imaging and its emerging roles in patient care. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2017, 46: 951-971. PMID: 28295954, PMCID: PMC5592126, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25693.
- Ponath G, Ramanan S, Mubarak M, Housley W, Lee S, Sahinkaya FR, Vortmeyer A, Raine CS, Pitt D. Myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes after myelin damage promotes lesion pathology. Brain 2016, 140: 399-413. PMID: 28007993, PMCID: PMC5841057, DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww298.
- Zhang Y, Gauthier SA, Gupta A, Chen W, Comunale J, Chiang G, Zhou D, Askin G, Zhu W, Pitt D, Wang Y. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping and R2* Measured Changes during White Matter Lesion Development in Multiple Sclerosis: Myelin Breakdown, Myelin Debris Degradation and Removal, and Iron Accumulation. American Journal Of Neuroradiology 2016, 37: 1629-1635. PMID: 27256856, PMCID: PMC5018433, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4825.
- Cao Y, Nylander A, Ramanan S, Goods BA, Ponath G, Zabad R, Chiang VL, Vortmeyer AO, Hafler DA, Pitt D. CNS demyelination and enhanced myelin-reactive responses after ipilimumab treatment. Neurology 2016, 86: 1553-1556. PMID: 26984943, PMCID: PMC5573201, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002594.
- Stüber C, Pitt D, Wang Y. Iron in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Noninvasive Imaging with Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 2016, 17: 100. PMID: 26784172, PMCID: PMC4730342, DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010100.
- Schmalbrock P, Prakash RS, Schirda B, Janssen A, Yang GK, Russell M, Knopp MV, Boster A, Nicholas JA, Racke M, Pitt D. Basal Ganglia Iron in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Measured with 7T Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Correlates with Inhibitory Control. American Journal Of Neuroradiology 2015, 37: 439-446. PMID: 26611996, PMCID: PMC7960135, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4599.
- Housley WJ, Pitt D, Hafler DA. Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Clinical Immunology 2015, 161: 51-58. PMID: 26143623, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.015.
- Nylander A, Ramanan S, Debartolo D, Park C, Hafler D, Pitt D. Immune Infiltrates Expressing Podoplanin (PDPN) are Present in Multiple Sclerosis but not Glioblastoma (S12.002). Neurology 2015, 84 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.s12.002.
- Kim I, DeBartolo D, Ramanan S, Ponath G, Pitt D. Excess Lipid Accumulation in Cortical Neurons in Multiple Sclerosis May Lead to Autophagic Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration (P5.237). Neurology 2015, 84 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.p5.237.
- Lowther D, Ramanan S, DeBartolo D, Park C, Duan X, Hafler D, Pitt D. The TIGIT/CD226/CD155 axis is differentially expressed in MS and glioblastoma: implications for autoimmunity and tumor immune escape. (P4.043). Neurology 2015, 84 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.p4.043.
- Orack JC, Deleidi M, Pitt D, Mahajan K, Nicholas JA, Boster AL, Racke MK, Comabella M, Watanabe F, Imitola J. Concise Review: Modeling Multiple Sclerosis With Stem Cell Biological Platforms: Toward Functional Validation of Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes in Inflammation-Induced Neurodegeneration. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2015, 4: 252-260. PMID: 25593207, PMCID: PMC4339849, DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0133.
- Guerau-de-Arellano M, Liu Y, Meisen WH, Pitt D, Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE. Analysis of miRNA in Normal Appearing White Matter to Identify Altered CNS Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal Of Autoimmune Disorders 2015, 1 PMID: 26894232, PMCID: PMC4755487, DOI: 10.21767/2471-8153.100006.
- Wisnieff C, Ramanan S, Olesik J, Gauthier S, Wang Y, Pitt D. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Interpreting positive susceptibility and the presence of iron. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 2014, 74: 564-570. PMID: 25137340, PMCID: PMC4333139, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25420.
- Stern JN, Yaari G, Vander Heiden JA, Church G, Donahue WF, Hintzen RQ, Huttner AJ, Laman JD, Nagra RM, Nylander A, Pitt D, Ramanan S, Siddiqui BA, Vigneault F, Kleinstein SH, Hafler DA, O'Connor KC. B cells populating the multiple sclerosis brain mature in the draining cervical lymph nodes. Science Translational Medicine 2014, 6: 248ra107. PMID: 25100741, PMCID: PMC4388137, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008879.
- Soltys J, Knight J, Scharf E, Pitt D, Mao-Draayer Y. IFN-β alters neurotrophic factor expression in T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients - implication of novel neurotensin/NTSR1 pathway in neuroprotection. American Journal Of Translational Research 2014, 6: 312-9. PMID: 24936223, PMCID: PMC4058312.
- Chen W, Gauthier SA, Gupta A, Comunale J, Liu T, Wang S, Pei M, Pitt D, Wang Y. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions at Various Ages. Radiology 2013, 271: 183-92. PMID: 24475808, PMCID: PMC4263629, DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13130353.
- Cox GM, Kithcart AP, Pitt D, Guan Z, Alexander J, Williams JL, Shawler T, Dagia NM, Popovich PG, Satoskar AR, Whitacre CC. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor potentiates autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation. Journal Of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2013, 191: 1043-54. PMID: 23797673, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200485.
- Mehta V, Pei W, Yang G, Li S, Swamy E, Boster A, Schmalbrock P, Pitt D. Iron Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. PLOS ONE 2013, 8: e57573. PMID: 23516409, PMCID: PMC3597727, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057573.
- Boster AL, Nicholas JA, Topalli I, Kisanuki YY, Pei W, Morgan-Followell B, Kirsch CF, Racke MK, Pitt D. Lessons Learned From Fatal Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Natalizumab. JAMA Neurology 2013, 70: 398-402. PMID: 23338729, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1960.
- Nicholas J, Savel M, Schaffer C, Bartoszek M, O'Connell C, Rammohan K, Kirsch C, Pitt D, Racke M, Boster A. Combination Interferon-beta 1a and Mycophenolate Mofetil in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Effects on Safety, Relapse Rate and Disability (P07.123). Neurology 2013, 80 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.80.7_supplement.p07.123.
- Bluestein KT, Pitt D, Sammet S, Zachariah CR, Nagaraj U, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. Detecting cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis at 7 T using white matter signal attenuation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2012, 30: 907-915. PMID: 22578928, PMCID: PMC3402634, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.03.006.
- Nicholas J, Morgan-Followell B, Pitt D, Racke MK, Boster A. New and Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: What is New and What is to Come. Journal Of Central Nervous System Disease 2012, 4: jcnsd.s6692. PMID: 23650470, PMCID: PMC3619700, DOI: 10.4137/jcnsd.s6692.
- Boster A, Bartoszek MP, O’Connell C, Pitt D, Racke M. Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of glatiramer acetate in the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic Advances In Neurological Disorders 2011, 4: 319-332. PMID: 22010043, PMCID: PMC3187678, DOI: 10.1177/1756285611422108.
- Bluestein KT, Pitt D, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. T1 and proton density at 7 T in patients with multiple sclerosis: an initial study. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2011, 30: 19-25. PMID: 21937183, PMCID: PMC3375320, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.07.018.
- Schaaf SM, Pitt D, Racke MK. What happens when natalizumab therapy is stopped? Expert Review Of Neurotherapeutics 2011, 11: 1247-1250. PMID: 21864070, DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.109.
- Pitt D, Boster A, Pei W, Wohleb E, Jasne A, Zachariah CR, Rammohan K, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. Imaging Cortical Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis With Ultra–High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JAMA Neurology 2010, 67: 812-818. PMID: 20625086, DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.148.
- Pitt D, Gonzales E, Cross AH, Goldberg MP. Dysmyelinated axons in shiverer mice are highly vulnerable to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated toxicity. Brain Research 2009, 1309: 146-154. PMID: 19896473, PMCID: PMC7343376, DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.066.
- Pitt D, Raine C. Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Multiple Sclerosis. 2004, 285-303. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8959-8_16.
- Pitt D, Nagelmeier IE, Wilson HC, Raine CS. Glutamate uptake by oligodendrocytes. Neurology 2003, 61: 1113-1120. PMID: 14581674, DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000090564.88719.37.
- Gaupp S, Pitt D, Kuziel WA, Cannella B, Raine CS. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CCR2−/− Mice Susceptibility in Multiple Strains. American Journal Of Pathology 2003, 162: 139-150. PMID: 12507897, PMCID: PMC1851120, DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63805-9.
- Werner P, Pitt D, Raine C. Multiple sclerosis: Altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage. Annals Of Neurology 2001, 50: 169-180. PMID: 11506399, DOI: 10.1002/ana.1077.
- Cannella B, Pitt D, Capello E, Raine C. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Fails to Enhance Central Nervous System Myelin Repair during Autoimmune Demyelination. American Journal Of Pathology 2000, 157: 933-943. PMID: 10980132, PMCID: PMC1885703, DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64606-8.
- Pitt D, Werner P, Raine C. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nature Medicine 2000, 6: 67-70. PMID: 10613826, DOI: 10.1038/71555.
- Werner P, Pitt D, Raine CS. Glutamate excitotoxicity — a mechanism for axonal damage and oligodendrocyte death in Multiple Sclerosis? 2000, 375-385. PMID: 11205156, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6301-6_27.
- Cannella B, Pitt D, Marchionni M, Raine C. Neuregulin and erbB receptor expression in normal and diseased human white matter. Journal Of Neuroimmunology 1999, 100: 233-242. PMID: 10695733, DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00201-5.
- Zeine R, Cannella B, Pitt D, Raine C. PERFORIN EXPRESSION IN DEMYELINATIVE LESIONS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, AND A ROLE FOR PERFORIN IN THE REGULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Journal Of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 1999, 58: 564. DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199905000-00232.
- Pitt D, Kuziel W, Charles P, Cannella B, Raine C. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in chemokine receptor deficient mice. Journal Of Neuroimmunology 1998, 90: 60. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)91536-3.
- Fehmann HC, Jiang J, Pitt D, Schweinfurth J, Göke B. Ligand-induced regulation of glucagon-like peptide-I receptor function and expression in insulin-secreting beta cells. Pancreas 1996, 13: 273-82. PMID: 8884849, DOI: 10.1097/00006676-199610000-00010.
- Yale MS Center6 Devine StreetSte Suite 2BNorth Haven, CT 06473
- Yale MS Center6 Devine StreetSte Suite 2BNorth Haven, CT 06473